St. Odilo (France), d. 1048; fifth Abbot of Cluny. The first abbot, Dom Martin Marty, became, in 1879, first Vicar Apostolic of Dakota, where he had some years previously inaugurated mission work amongst the Indians. 1018, d. 1110; founder and Abbot of Molesmes (1075); joint-founder and first Abbot of Cîteaux (1098). St. John of Beverley, d. 721; Bishop of Hexham. It was intended partly to continue the community of Sts. In later medieval times the names of St. Gertrude, called the "Great", and her sister St. Mechtilde, who flourished in the thirteenth century, shed a lustre on the Benedictine nuns of Germany. Des ordres religieux (Paris, 1860); Mege, Commentaire sur la regle de S. Benoit (Paris, 1687); Calmet, Commentaire (Paris, 1734); Menard, Codex regularum (Paris, 1638); Besse, Le moine benedictin (Ligugé, 1898); Braunmuller in Kirchenlex., s.v. St. Hilda, d. 680; Abbess of Whitby. In the thirteenth century several were founded in which the reform of Vallombrosa was adopted, but none of these now exist. In modern times the monks of Beuron have established a school of art where painting and design, especially in the form of polychromatic decoration, have been brought to a high stage of perfection. Two new abbeys have also been added to the congregation: Quixada, founded in 1900, and St. Andre at Bruges (Belgium) in 1901, for the reception and training of subjects for Brazil. It had up to that time given to the Church no less than 24 popes, 200 cardinals, 7,000 archbishops, 15,000 bishops, and over 1,500 canonized saints. The Catholic Encyclopedia. 1811, d. 1897; abbot; Vice-Archivist to the Holy See. Augustine Calmet (France), b. (10) The Congregation of St.-Maur.—The French monasteries which had embraced the reform of St.-Vannes were in 1621 formed into a separate congregation named after St. Maur, the disciple of St. Benedict, which eventually numbered on hundred and eighty houses, i.e. Protestant sovereigns use theological justifications to suppress the monasteries and confiscate their property. 1033 in Piedmont, d. 1109; a monk at Bec (1060); Abbot of Bec (1078); Archbishop of Canterbury (1093); usually considered the first scholastic. St. Gregory's at Douai was established in 1605, St. Lawrence's at Dieulouard in Lorraine in 1606, and St. Edmund's at Paris in 1611. Since then new foundations have been made at Pueyo (1890), Los Cabos (1900), and Solsona (1901), besides one at Manila (Philippines) in 1895. Present Condition of the Order; V. Benedictines of Special Distinction; Up to 1901 Belmont had no community of its own, but only members from the other houses who were resident there either as professors or students; the general chapter of that year, however, decided that novices might henceforth be received for St. Michael's monastery. At Fulda he placed a Bavarian convert named Sturm at the head of a monastery he founded there in 744, from which came many missionaries who carried the Gospel to Prussia and what is now Austria. Vallombrosa360 St. Paschasius Radbertus (Germany), d. 860; Abbot of Corbie. Lay brothers were entrusted with the more menial work of the monastery, and all those duties that involved intercourse with the outside world, in order that the choir brethren might be free to devote themselves entirely to prayer and other occupations proper to their clerical vocation. A contemplative monastic community living according to the Rule of St. Benedict. Austrian: The two survivors, Maurus and Placid, set out in 1860, with a sum of £40 and the pope's blessing, to reconquer Germany for St. Benedict. Many of the episcopal sees of England were founded and governed by the Benedictines, and no less than nine of the old cathedrals were served by the black monks of the priories attached to them. Gregory of Tours says that at Ainay, in the sixth century, the monks "followed the rules of Basil, Cassian, Caesarius, and other fathers, taking and using whatever seemed proper to the conditions of time and place", and doubtless the same liberty was taken with the Benedictine Rule when it reached them. The Celestines were a Roman Catholic monastic order, a branch of the Benedictines, founded in 1244. Clement Reyner (England), b. It takes the form in different places of seminaries for ecclesiastical studies, schools, and gymnasia for secondary education not strictly ecclesiastical, or of colleges for a higher or university course. John Wheathamstead (England), d. 1440; Abbot of St. Albans. They possessed thirty-seven commanderies. Didier de la Cour (France), b. The object was an elaboration of the Benedictine ideal, for the uniform preservation of which a highly centralized system of government, hitherto unknown to Benedictine monachism, except as suggested by St. Benedict of Aniane, was introduced. St. Rupert (France), d. 718; the Apostle of Bavaria and Bishop of Salzburg. Dedicated to Sr. Monica Marie (P.J. Benedetto Bonazzi (Italy), b. Founding The Benedictines Of Mary Queen Of Apostles; Founding The Benedictines Of Mary Queen Of Apostles. St. Alberic (France), d. 1109; joint-founder and second Abbot of Cîteaux. It then consisted of eighteen houses which flourished until the general suppression at the beginning of the nineteenth century. (8) The Swiss Congregation.—The earliest monasteries in Switzerland were founded from Luxeuil by the disciples of Columbanus, amongst whom was St. Gall, who established the celebrated abbey afterwards known by his name. J. The abbots of each province or congregation were to meet in chapter every third year, with power to pass laws binding on all, and to appoint from amongst their own number "visitors" who were to make canonical visitation of the monasteries and to report upon their condition to the ensuing chapter. St Benedict, founding his first monasteries at Subiaco early in the 6th century, would be surprised at the wide results of his initiative. Jean-Baptiste Muard (France), b. 1177, d. 1267; founder of the Sylvestrines (1231). In Ceylon the Sylvestrine Benedictines have undertaken (1883) missionary work amongst the natives in the Diocese of Kandy, the bishop of which is a member of the order; and still more recently the congregation of St. Ottilien, expressly established to provide workers for the foreign mission field, has established missions amongst the native tribes of Central Africa, where the seeds of the Faith have already been watered by the blood of its first martyrs. Lanfranc (Italy), b. $34.95. The education of these children was the germ out of which afterward developed the great monastic schools. The first nuns in Germany came from England in the eighth century, having been brought over by St. Boniface to assist him in his work of conversion and to provide a means of education for their own sex amongst the newly evangelized Teutonic races. The former comprises ten houses under the presidency of the Abbot of Göttweig, and the latter seven, with the Abbot of Salzburg at its head. A word must here be said as to the Carthusian Order, which some writers have classed amongst those founded on the Benedictine rule. B. F. Pitra (France), b. In 1795 the monks of Douai were expelled from their monastery by the Revolution, and after many hardships, including imprisonment, escaped to England, where, after a temporary residence at Acton Burnell (near Shrewsbury), they settled in 1814 at Downside in Somerset. Although the congregation had its own constitutions and was absolutely autonomous, its members always claimed to be and were actually recognized as real Benedictines; hence it was not strictly a new order but only a reformed congregation within the order. St. Odo (England), d. 961; Archbishop of Canterbury. Lay brothers, oblates, confraters, and nuns Since the thirteenth century every congregation has had its own set of constitutions, in which the principles of the Rule are adapted to the particular work of the congregation to which they apply. St. Willibrord (England), born c. 658, d. 738; the Apostle of Friesland. (See FONTEVRAULT.). Influence and work of the order St. Bernard of Clairvaux drew up their rule, and they always regarded the Cistercians as their brethren. by Caxton at Westminster, and by some authorities the invention of movable types is also ascribed to the sons of St. Benedict. points out that the profits accruing from the labour of the monks were employed ungrudgingly for the relief of the distressed, and in times of famine many thousands were saved from starvation by the charitable foresight of the monks. In Fra Chaise-Dieu (Auvergne), St. Victor (Marseilles), St. Claude, Lérins, Sauve-Majour, Tiron, and Val-des-Choux, were all centres of larger or smaller groups of houses, in each of which there was uniformity of rule as well as more or less dependence upon the chief house. (b) The English Province was formed in 1858 when certain English monks at Subiaco obtained permission to make a foundation in England. John Bede Polding, b. Robot, 1882; Thompson, Life of P. Muard (London, 1886; de Broglie, Mabillon (Paris, 1888); Id., Montfaucon (Paris, 1891); Houtin, Dom Couturier (Angers, 1899); Van Galoen, Dom Maur Wolter et les origines de la cong. The monks own vast tracts of bushland around their monastery and they rear horses, sheep, and cattle on a large scale. Through the influence of saintly men, Wilfrid, Benedict Biscop, and Dunstan, the Benedictine Rule spread with extraordinary rapidity, and in the North, when once the Easter controversy had been settled and the Roman supremacy acknowledged (Synod of Whitby, 664), it was adopted in most of the monasteries that had been founded by the Celtic missionaries from Iona. Cassinese10753151110,320181,702 This was originally founded in 1687 as a college for Benedictines of the Cassinese congregation, but later on monks of other congregations were also admitted. Present Condition of the Order; V. Benedictines of Special Distinction; St. Hilda was the most celebrated of the abbesses of Whitby, and it was at Whitby that the synod which decided the paschal controversy was held in 664. In 2018 the Benedictine Confederation numbers around 7500 monks in 400 monasteries, belonging to 19 different Congregations, with regional differences, particular missions or specific spiritual traditions. (2) Civilizing Influence of the Order.—Christianity and civilization go hand in hand, and hence we naturally look to North-western Europe for the effects of the civilizing influences exerted by the Benedictine missionaries. Aev., III); Pomposia, with an eleventh-century catalogue printed by Montfaucon (Diarium Italicum, c. xxii). These were the first "regular canons", and the idea thus started spread very rapidly to almost every cathedral of France, Germany, and Italy, as well as to some in England. 1272, d. 1348; founder of the Olivetans (1319). (6) The Portuguese Congregation.—In the sixteenth century the monasteries of Portugal were all held by commendatory abbots and consequently were in a very unsatisfactory state as regards discipline. For a short time Friesland was the scene of the labours of St. Wilfrid during a temporary banishment from England in 678, and the work he began there was continued and extended to Holland by the English monks Willibrord and Swithbert. The Swedish invitation, however, put an end to the plan and the only result was the formation of another small congregation of nine abbeys, with that of St. Peter's, Salzburg, at its head. Lit. The constitutions must be approved at Rome, after which they have binding force upon the congregation for which they are intended. There were failures and scandals in Benedictine history, just as there were declensions from the right path outside the cloister, for monks are, after all, but men. He studied in Rome, and then turned his back on the world and lived in solitude at Subiaco. The Abbey of St. Hubert in Ardennes, which had been founded about 706 for canons regular but had become Benedictine in 817, was the first in the Low Countries to embrace the reform. All power was vested in a committee of "definitors", in whose hands were all appointments, from that of president down to the lowest official in the smallest monastery. The is no such thing as a "Franciscan Order of monks." Laurent Bénard (France), b. 1091, d. 1153; joined Cîteaux with thirty other noblemen (1113); founded Clairvaux (1115); wrote many spiritual and theological works; was a statesman and adviser of kings, and a Doctor of the Church; he preached the Second Crusade throughout France and Germany at the request of Eugenius III (1146). "The Benedictine Order." Willibald and Winnibald; went to Germany with Sts. (Paris, 1703-39); Id., Acta SS. But notwithstanding the extent of this departure from Benedictine tradition, the Cluniacs were never considered to have seceded from the main Benedictine body or to have instituted a new order. (2) Hospitallers The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. In 1790 the Revolution suppressed all its monasteries and the monks were dispersed. It should be noted here that these several attempts were directed only towards securing outward uniformity, and that as yet there was apparently no idea of a congregation, properly so called, with a central source of all legislative authority. It flourished for some centuries and had ninety-four monasteries, but through popularity and prosperity corruption and irregularities crept in, and after an ineffectual attempt at reformation, Pope Pius V suppressed the order in 1571. Originally intended just for the monks of Monte Cassino, the Rule of St Benedict eventually became the template for Western Monasticism. In Savoy there were the two orders: (k) the Knights of St. Maurice, and (l) those of St. Lazarus, which were united in 1572. Pius IX restored the congregation (1858) comprising the above houses, of which the Abbot of Metten is president. In Catholic countries, however, Benedictine monasticism begins to flourish again. Most of the older universities of Europe have grown out of monastic schools. St. Odilo (France), d. 1048; fifth Abbot of Cluny. Its roll of honour was opened in August, 1905, by a bishop, two monks, two lay brothers, and two nuns, who suffered martyrdom for the Faith at the hands of the Central African natives. St. Ottilien2163102,8353190 Ottilien2163102,8353190 The various monasteries founded by St. Augustine and his fellow-monks had preserved some sort of union, as was only natural with new foundations in a pagan country proceeding from a common source of origin. The convents were generally either under the exclusive direction of some particular abbey, through the influence of which they had been established, or else, especially when founded by lay people, they were subject to the jurisdiction of the bishop of the diocese in which they were situated. Mention has already been made of the work of the Sylvestrine Benedictines in Ceylon and of the Cistercians in Natal, South Africa. Hermannus Contractus (Germany), eleventh century; a monk of St. Gall; learned in Eastern languages; author of the "Salve Regina". The Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century affected the nuns as well as the monks. The general chapter of Cîteaux drew up a rule of life and exercised a general supervision over them. In choir, at chapter, and at certain other ceremonial times, a long full gown with large flowing sleeves, called a "cowl", is worn over the ordinary habit. Hermannus Contractus (Germany), eleventh century; a monk of St. Gall; learned in Eastern languages; author of the "Salve Regina". OETA-The Oklahoma Network Writer/Narrator: Billie Rodely Editor: Charles Newcomb. For this reason the novices' quarters are generally placed, if possible, in a different part of the monastery from those occupied by the professed monks. 1636, d. 1711. The nuns are chiefly occupied with the work of education, which comprises elementary schools as well as boarding school for secondary education. Bl. Denis de Sainte-Marthe, b. No other monasteries of the Bursfeld Union were ever restored to Benedictine use. English42777987,3285380 Luc d'Achery, b. Christianity was first preached in Bavaria by Eustace and Agilus, monks from Luseuil, early in the seventh century; their work was continued by St. Rupert, who founded the monastery and see of Salzburg, and firmly established by St. Boniface about 739. 1865. At Fulda he placed a Bavarian convert named Sturm at the head of a monastery he founded there in 744, from which came many missionaries who carried the Gospel to Prussia and what is now Austria. A few of the survivors endeavoured to restore their congregation at Solesmes in 1817, but the attempt was not successful, and the congregation died out, leaving behind it a fame unrivalled in the annals of monastic history. The practice was widely taken up by almost every other order and was developed by the mendicants in the thirteenth century into what are now called "third orders". century onwards, monasteries try to protect themselves from the interference of secular or ecclesiastical lords by forming congregations. Large-hearted abbots, eager to advance the interests of their poorer neighbours, often voluntarily expended considerable annual sums on the building and repairing of bridges, the making of roads, etc., and everywhere exercised a benign influence directed only towards improving the social and material condition of the people amongst whom they found themselves. William Gabriel Gifford, b. Beginning in 1830, the pious King Ludwig I restored the abbeys of Metten and Ottobeuern (founded in the eighth century), Scheyern (1112), and Andechs (1455), and founded new monasteries at Augsburg (1834), Munich (1835), Meltenburg (1842), and Schäftlarn (1866). Also displaced by state abolishment and in winter 1841 driven from the Canton Aargau in Switzerland, the monks could only take what they had in their cells with them. Augustine Calmet (France), b. The monks dedicate themselves mainly to liturgical prayer, whose amount gradually increases. (16) The Congregation of Beuron.—This congregation was founded by Dom Maurus Wolter, who, whilst a seminary professor, was fired with the desire of restoring the Benedictine Order in Germany. Prosper Guéranger (France), b. 1081, d. 1151; Abbot of St. Denis and Regent of France. In some of the countries it was not until the issue of the Bull "Benedictina" in 1336, or even the Tridentine decrees of two centuries later, that any serious attempt was made towards carrying out the proposals of 1215. Benedictines are thus much older than the concept of a religious order. The monks now work for their upkeep. 673, d. 735; monk of Jarrow, Doctor of the Church, historian, and commentator. Our work supports our life of prayer and includes making altar breads, liturgical ve Juan de Castaniza (Spain), d. 1599; a monk of St. Saviour's, Onna. St. Chrodegang Guido d'Arezzo (Italy), died c. 1028; inventor of the gamut. Juan de Castaniza (Spain), d. 1599; a monk of St. Saviour's, Onna. 1809, d. 1887; founder of American Cassinese congregation (1855). Glastonbury, Abingdon, St. Alban's, and Westminster were also famous in their day and produced many illustrious scholars. There were also convents belonging to the reforms of Camaldoli and Mount Olivet, of which a few still survive. 11647367460,832111,891 11647367460,832111,891 The abbots of each province or congregation were to meet in chapter every third year, with power to pass laws binding on all, and to appoint from amongst their own number "visitors" who were to make canonical visitation of the monasteries and to report upon their condition to the ensuing chapter. Among other Benedictine saints are: St. Hildegard (Germany), b. It may be divided into various provinces, according to the countries over which it is spread, each provincial head being immediately subject to the general, just as the superior of each house is subject to his own provincial. Lioba, Thecla, and Walburga were the earliest of these pioneers, and for them and their companions, who were chiefly from Wimborne, St. Boniface established many convents throughout the countries in which he preached. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries one or two English monks, and at least one of the Maurist congregation, worked on the American mission; and at the time of the French Revolution negotiations had been commenced by Bishop Carroll, first Bishop of Baltimore, for a settlement of English Benedictines in his diocese, which, however, came to nothing. The monks now work for their upkeep. The monks preserved and perpetuated the ancient writings which, but for their industry, would undoubtedly have been lost to us. Clement VI (France), 1342-52; a monk of Chaise-Dieu. 999, d. 1073; founder of Vallombrosa (1039). Throughout northwestern Europe the Benedictine institute was practically obliterated. 1555,9401,4021,192,73411412,392 1840; Abbot of La Cava (1894); Archbishop of Benevento (1902). Among English Benedictine nuns, the most celebrated are: St. Etheldreda, d. 679; Abbess of Ely. Before their violent expulsion the monks had time to move a, for them, valuable part of the library to their cells. Previous to the institution of monasticism labour had been regarded as the symbol of slavery and serfdom, but St. Benedict and his followers taught in the West that lesson of free labour which had first been inculcated by the fathers of the desert. A century later, in 910, the first real reform that produced any widespread and general effect was commenced at the Abbey of Cluny in Burgundy, under St. Berno, its first abbot. They desired that … In 1504 its title was changed to that of the "Cassinese Congregation". 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Was that of the Abbey of Maredsous ( 1890 ) ; transferred to Segni Italy... ; inventor of the Olivetans ( 1319 ). few seem to have comprised the enormous number of dependencies over...