The farmers’ families also consume A2 milk and reap the health benefits. “Ethically reared native cows give healthy milk.”. “With the income from the three Hallikar cows, I could buy two more cows,” Baby of Kadushivanahalli told VillageSquare.in. Milk of cow is also best and helpful for the acidity, ulcer, stomach related problems. Doctors give trusted answers on uses, effects, side-effects, and cautions: Dr. Patel on cow milk health benefits: This is not bad for your health unless you have a lactose intolerance, or must limit the amount of fat you are taking in your diet, in which case you can use 2% or skim. It is beneficial for the Pitta Dosha. A2 milk need not be skimmed, as the fat is digestible, while A1 milk needs to be. Volunteers and TDM employees take up door-to-door delivery to customers. Farmer Shivaraju said that he could buy many household items, after he started selling A2 milk. Could’nt get “quantification for the decrease in production by going ‘deli’… anyway – its just that we did not want to have a DAIRY INDUSTRY approach., and wanted to look into rural entrepreneural development using native methods for natural chem-free cultivation. #A2MILK #A2Milk in Bangalore #Hallikars A2MILK # #Organic A2MILK #A2Milk in South Milk #A2Milk in North Bangalore #A2 Milk … With National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) providing working capital, the farmers became shareholders of the producer company by paying Rs 1,000 each. These regions have the highest population of native cows – around 3.2 lakhs – in Karnataka. “The number of children falling ill due to allergy and stomach ailments has come down after they started drinking the native cows’ milk,” Siddaraju told VillageSquare.in. Bringing back the traditional interdependent practice of agriculture and animal husbandry, farmers can lead self-sustaining and healthy lives. A2 Vedic Hallikar Cow Ghee: 22 litres of Harlikar cows' A2 milk gives 1 litre of Anveshan ghee. Their focus is on promoting organic farming practices, by essentially re-integrating animal husbandry and cultivation methods. Farmer Shivaraju said that he could buy many household items, after he started selling A2 milk. Some claim that raw milk is healthier than pasteurized, but experts disagree. Till recently, TDM collected the milk from farmers, boiled and without further processing sold it in the nearby city of Bengaluru. Sudha Narasimhachar is a journalist based in Bangalore. The hump on the back of the cow absorbs sunlight and converts it into minerals in the milk. “Encouraging organic farming and enhanced animal care is part of societal care, an important pillar of sustainability,” Titus Sequeira of Seva Trust told VillageSquare.in. These regions have the highest population of native cows – around 3.2 lakh – in Karnataka. “Many farmers use my bull as a stud and I earn a surplus of Rs 10,000 from the bull,” Girish told VillageSquare.in. Disclaimer: This article was first published in VillageSquare.in. The farmers admit that the yield from native cows is less than that of hybrids. It is also beneficial for the dialysis Farmers ensure quality of milk by using low-cost tools such as lactometers and sterilised cans. The another health benefits of drinking milk everyday is milk can control blood pressure especially for you whom have high blood pressure or low blood pressure. […] This text was first printed in VillageSquare.in. Milk has always been an essential food item in every corner of the world. This article looks at the benefits and risks of milk and explores alternatives. The views expressed by the creator are his/her personal and don’t essentially mirror that of […]. A2 milk need not be skimmed, as the fat is digestible, while A1 milk needs to be. Desi cows feed on simple local fodder, while the others need special formulations. One of the villages where farmers rear Hallikar breed cattle (Photo by Sudha Narasimhachar). Some farmers rear native breed bulls too, using them for reproduction and for farming during certain seasons. A2 Milk contains high levels of Omega 3 that helps in cleaning cholesterol deposits in blood vessels. Bringing back the traditional interdependent practice of agriculture and animal husbandry, farmers can lead self-sustaining and healthy lives. Cow milk is essential in strengthening your immune system and repair the damaged cells and tissues. Some sachets are also retailed at stores selling organic products. The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding exclusively for at least six months (and even up to two years and beyond) because of the long-lasting benefits of breastfeeding for baby and you. The free-range native cattle have brought down the maintenance and fodder cost for farmers who rear them (Photo by Sudha Narasimhachar). Farmers ensure quality of milk by using low-cost tools such as lactometers and sterilized cans. “The financial status of our family has certainly improved.”. Some rear Malnad Gidda, a dwarf variety native to the Malenadu region of Karnataka. A2 milk is non-allergic while A1 milk causes allergies and intolerance in many children. It is easy to digest. TDM, a wing of Seva Trust, is an evolving model of sustainable urban participation in rural economy. (The cows are fed natural fodder and are also left to graze freely in the fields.) Benefits 1. Toddlers should not drink more than 2 cups of milk per day (500 ml). “The number of children falling ill due to allergy and stomach ailments has come down after they started drinking the native cows’ milk,” Siddaraju told VillageSquare.in. “I’m convinced that they are best suited for our conditions.”. Government dairies pay Rs 24 per litre. There are 24 collectives covering nearly 430 families consisting of 4,800 members spread across 26 villages in Kanakapura, Sathanuru, Sangama, MM Hills, Chamarajanagar and Kollegal regions. A1 milk disintegrates in three hours, while A2 milk stays good for seven hours. Milk of cow has seribrohydrates that helps to increase the intellectual power. (function($) {window.fnames = new Array(); window.ftypes = new Array();fnames[0]='EMAIL';ftypes[0]='email';fnames[1]='FNAME';ftypes[1]='text';fnames[2]='LNAME';ftypes[2]='text';}(jQuery));var $mcj = jQuery.noConflict(true); Sudha Narasimhachar is a journalist based in Bengaluru. It contains nine essential amino acids, which are proven for their incredible health benefits. These results were obtained through research in Spain and used 5000 people. Presently, Dabbaguli Basaweshwaraswamy Farmer Producer Company Ltd distributes the milk. © 2020 Village Square. Indian Cow milk contains ample protein that imparts enough strength to help in building body cells. The Jersey and Holstein Friesian Cattle (they don't have a hump, cannot be called a Cow) give some 30 liters of milk, but the milk they give (A1 milk) is known to cause many Lifestyle Diseases. It helps in brain development and overall growth of the body. They graze natural grass, leaves, and medicinal herbs. Farmers earn more for the A2 milk from native cows, as TDM pays them Rs 45 per liter. The reason for its popularity is that Sahiwal is comparatively more efficient in terms of milk production and birth to young ones. Girish of Kadushivanahalli rears five cows and a bull, while pursuing his college education. They are free-range cattle and hence the cost that the farmers spend on fodder and feed is less. The strontium of A2 milk increases immunity and protects the body from harmful radiation. In his book, ‘Devil in the Milk: Illness, Health and the Politics of A1 and A2 Milk’, Dr. Keith Woodford reveals the real milk issue. However, there are certain rural aspects that need to be preserved, not only for the sake of environment and health, but also for the welfare of the rural community. It contains 22 soluble minerals; A1 milk from the introduced breeds (Bos taurus) has just six known minerals. Divya Muniraj of Bandedoddi rears three Hallikar cows. Many such teams may come up and join hands in conservation of our precious native breeds . But the cost of maintenance is much less. Cow’s milk is able to lower fat, enhance immunity, prevent diabetes, protect heart health, strong teeth and bones, lower inflammation, stimulates growth and assist weight loss. To read the entire feature, click here. Benefits of native breeds Milk from the native breed (Bos indicus) is of A2 variety, with the best Beta Casein protein. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Karnataka farmers reap advantages of native cow’s milk – LPT7, Farmers in Karnataka turn to Desi cows! Don’t fill your child’s tummy with too much milk else they will not be hungry enough to eat solid foods. Hallikar is the most commonly reared native cattle in the Kanakapura and Ramanagara districts where TDM is active. Milk from the native breed (Bos indicus) is of A2 variety, with the best Beta Casein protein. Animal milk. Conversation Hallikar Desi Cow Milk Production and storage system. Government dairies pay Rs 24 per liter. A1 milk disintegrates in three hours, while A2 milk stays good for seven hours. Almond milk contains just heart-solid fats. Physical development is an important indicator of a child's overall health. One of the critical contrasts Almond milk vs cow milk is a solid substance. It has been promoting native cattle among farmers and sale of desi (indigenous) milk to urban consumers, in a rural-urban cooperative movement. - Bhoomika. The most complete form of nutrition for infants, breast milk, offers a range of benefits for health, growth, immunity, and development. Views are personal. From Bijjahalli, the packaged milk reaches the TDM office in Bengaluru, about 1.5 hours of travel time away. A part of this effort is the integration of desi cattle. The milk is retailed at Rs 80 per liter. […], Formation of SHGS has empowered women and culminated in a women-led dairy cooperative (Photo courtesy HGVS), Programs such as UN's 16 Days Campaign create more awareness about gender-based violence (Photo courtesy Atmashakti Trust), Women-run Nari Adalat counsels and resolves conflicts in families and communities, to ensure gender justice (Photo by Mehmood Hasan), Dairy cooperative leads to empowerment of women, Women who were confined to their homes became dairy farmers as SHG members, subsequently forming a self-reliant cooperative. 22 litres of Harlikar cows' A2 milk gives 1 litre of Anveshan ghee. GIR COW GHEE BENEFITS: Full of Anti-Oxidants, gluten-free, Has anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties helping you recover from sickness, good for Heart, nourishes the skin and strengthen the sense organs. The A2 milk is also sweet in taste. Milk from the native breed (Bos indicus) is of A2 variety, with the best Beta Casein protein. However, as people’s interest in health steadily increases, so too are they becoming familiarized with the health benefits of consuming goat milk. First, the Science Milk is a great source of calcium and protein. According to the promoters, price of organic milk can be brought down when more farmers rear local breeds and consumers realise the benefits of natural probiotic milk obtained from the native cows. Native cows yield consistently good milk, for more number of years. TDM, a wing of Seva Trust, is an evolving model of sustainable urban participation in the rural economy. Hallikar is the most commonly reared native cattle in the Kanakapura and Ramanagara districts where TDM is active. A recent study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, found that 2 to 6-year-olds With the economic and health benefits in their favour, many farmers switched to rearing desi cows. The views expressed by the author are his/her own and do not necessarily reflect that of YourStory, Search for what you want, categories, tags, keywords, authors, events, anything under YourStory, . Sahiwal is one of the endangered species of cow which is very popular among the farmers. It contains 22 soluble minerals; A1 milk from the introduced breeds (Bos taurus) has just six known minerals. Thus, the farmers save on buying pesticides and manure. “Earlier I had Jersey cows that needed a lot of investment and care,” Shivaraju told VillageSquare.in. It enhances the quality of the milk to many folds. While these are some of the direct health benefits of desi cows’ milk, there are other benefits in rearing them. Through Tribal Sub-Plan being implemented, they hope to revive agriculture that once kept them self-sufficient. “We aim to create healthier inhabitants in villages and cities by blending urban and rural economies, and improving the environment by utilizing science and technology in the right combination,” Madhava Hebbar of TDM told VillageSquare.in. The benefits of Gir cow milk and milk in its whole are simply unavoidable. Our Desi Cows are grazed in the forest during the day. Very happy to know that desi milk sale is gaining momentum I wish further development and more success to TDM team . Plans are afoot to integrate the farmers into a cooperative style private limited company, so that they can sell 5,000 liters of milk collected every day directly, after processing. Bengaluru-based Team Desi Milk (TDM) was launched in 2012, with the aim of contributing to such overall development. Desi cows feed on simple local fodder, while the others need special formulations. Health benefits of cow’s milk for children. Gir Cow Milk Benefits – Know Amazing Health Benefits. They are free-range cattle and hence the cost that the farmers spend on fodder and feed is less. Thus the farmers save on buying pesticides and manure. Hybrids are bred through artificial insemination, injected with medicines and hormones and are not suited to the local climatic conditions, requiring a lot of maintenance. “I buy A2 milk as it helps keep the native breed alive and the cows are not factory farmed,” Lorraine Sequeira told VillageSquare.in. I have been a consumer of TDM milk for over 2 years now, and it has been a fantastic experience for me and my family ever since. This article investigates if the potential benefits of raw milk outweigh the dangers. Farmer Shivaraju of Kadushivanahalli village grows ragi, corn and mulberry in his seven acres of land. […] This feature is based on an article written for VillageSquare.in by Sudha Narasimhachar,  a journalist based in Bangalore. 2. … This is essential for people of all ages, especially for growing children. Conversation Hallikar Desi Cow Milk Production and storage system. Volunteers and TDM employees take up door-to-door delivery to customers. The views expressed by the author are his/her own and do not necessarily reflect that of YourStory, What to look for in 2021: Ten trends in ICTs, Inspired by Coco Chanel, this mompreneur went on to build a fashion jewellery brand, Early-bird Nikhil Dhand runs on Diljit Dosanjh's music and his baba's special butter chicken, For Akash Deep Goel, resilience is the key to overcome all of life’s hurdles, [Weekly funding roundup] Optimism rides high on higher VC funding in 2021, Budget 2021 to set course for economic pickup after COVID-19: Report, GSF Accelerator launches academy to help startups scale their business, NPCI dismisses reports of charges on UPI transactions, [Startup Bharat] Small town startup ecosystems to emerge stronger in 2021, Outlook 2021: 6 key trends the startup ecosystem will see in the new normal. Benefits of cow’s milk for babies over 12 months old. Apart from this, its milk contains more fat contents, which is very healthy in comparison to other imported cow breeds. “My family of five leads a comfortable life and I am able to educate my children well.”. Their focus is on promoting organic farming practices, by essentially re-integrating animal husbandry and cultivation methods. Desi Cow Hallikar's "daily milk"- contains A2 protein. A2 milk is non-allergic while A1 milk causes allergies and intolerance in many children. I would also be interested in the quantification for the decrease in production by going ‘deli’ and the demand supply challenges on a broader scale. Native cows yield consistently good milk, for more number of years. This includes milk in the form of curd or any other dairy products. According to the promoters, price of organic milk can be brought down when more farmers rear local breeds and consumers realize the benefits of natural pro-biotic milk obtained from the native cows. Some farmers rear native breed bulls too, using them for reproduction and for farming during certain seasons. Agriculture needs science and technology. For instance, raw milk benefits allergies and skin, all while containing beneficial nutrients without the processing dangers. Plans are afoot to integrate the farmers into a cooperative style private limited company, so that they can sell 5,000 litres of milk collected every day directly, after processing. It will provide nutrient support for building muscles. The Regular Milk contains harmful A1 proteins sourced from genetically modified cows, which are fed with processed and contaminated food. Milk amazing health benefits includes supporting strong bones, a source of vitamins and minerals, a good relaxer, a good source of protein, support weight loss, soothes heartburn, reduces the appearance of dark circles, helps promote healthy skin, and a good source of healthy fats. Farmer Shivaraju of Kadushivanahalli village grows ragi, corn and mulberry in his seven acres of land. Benefits of Cow Milk vs Almond Milk. According to Siddaraju of TDM, consumers do not mind paying double the usual retail price, because of the health benefits. Consuming milk and milk products from forest grazed cows is known to have various health benefits. 1. Rearing native cattle, farmers in rural Karnataka have brought about a welcome rural-urban link, benefiting economically and bringing health benefits to urban consumers. “Everyday morning we collect milk from farmers in 26 villages, boil it at the milk processing center in Bijjahalli, chill it and pack in half-a-liter and one liter sachets,” Mahesh, who works at the milk collection center, told VillageSquare.in. 1.4K likes. A part of this effort is the integration of desi cattle. It helps to keep joints supple and takes care of minor common ailments such as minor joint pain, insomnia, etc. Many social enterprises are working towards the overall development of villages, reducing the migration of rural youth to cities, besides improving the soil, water and other resources. It is the breed of the cow that matters. Milk is rich in vital nutrients, but some research shows it can be harmful, too. Aside from skim bovine’s milk, which contains no fat, most assortments of dairy cow’ milk contain creature fats, which are soaked and not heart-solid. This milk has an array of nutrients, vitamins, and minerals, that makes it a whole meal. It’s widely proclaimed that anyone can survive on a diet made up of just milk and potatoes, as these two substances provide all the nutrients which are required by a human body. Presently Dabbaguli Basaweshwaraswamy Farmer Producer Company Ltd distributes the milk. The surplus net income of Rs 12,000/month helps her maintain her mainstay of sericulture plantation and educate her three daughters in good mainstream schools. Also, the cerebrosides present in A2 milk is known to boost brain power. Very interesting and detailed comparisons. For years goat milk has been seen as some exotic type of milk and consumed by people living in parts of the world that lack access to cow’s milk. “I don’t spend much on their maintenance, fodder, and also on fertilizer for my farms,” Shivaraju told VillageSquare.in. With the economic and health benefits in their favor, many farmers switched to rearing desi cows. But the cost of maintenance is much less. Supremely rich in nutrients such as calcium, iron, sodium and fat-soluble vitamins A, D and E, as well as Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids. Native cows are healthier, need less attention, are more disease resistant and are bred naturally. The fresh A2 milk from desi Harlikar cows is obtained. It is a surprising scientific fact that children, who consume cow’s milk, grow taller. Some rear Malnad Gidda, a dwarf variety native to the Malenadu region of Karnataka. The surplus net income of Rs 12,000 / month helps her maintain her mainstay of sericulture plantation and educate her three daughters in good mainstream schools. Bengaluru-based Team Desi Milk (TDM) was launched in 2012, with the aim of contributing to such overall development. Girish of Kadushivanahalli rears five cows and a bull, while pursuing his college education. The dung and urine of native cows are more suitable as manure for organic farming, as they contain more beneficial microorganisms and earthworms thrive on them. Thus they can earn the maximum profit and also become aware of selling and marketing strategies. Thus they can earn the maximum profit and also become aware of selling and marketing strategies. Some animal also produces a milk, such as cow and goat. The logistics if taken care off using state-of-the art methodologies like Blockchain and IoT., we wish to improve the scalability, tracebility and transparency… as such we have 65K hallikar native bovines in our network and over 5000 acres to go ORGANIC. Farmers earn more for the A2 milk from native cows, as TDM pays them Rs 45 per litre. Till recently, TDM collected the milk from farmers, boiled and without further processing sold it in the nearby city of Bengaluru. One of the villages where farmers rear Hallikar breed cattle (Photo by Sudha Narasimhachar) While these are some of the direct health benefits of desi cows’ milk, there are other benefits in rearing them. With National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) providing working capital, the farmers became shareholders of the producer company by paying Rs 1,000 each. The effort seems novel and necessary. Divya Muniraj of Bandedoddi rears three Hallikar cows. All Rights Reserved. Goat milk also contains less lactose (milk sugar), which gives benefit to our body to break down the lactose. Also, organic and grass-fed cow’s milk contains higher amounts of beneficial antioxidants, such as vitamin E and beta-carotene, which help reduce inflammation and fight oxidative stress . Contains anti-inflammatory properties. Native cows are healthier, need less attention, are more disease resistant and are bred naturally. The dung and urine of native cows are more suitable as manure for organic farming, as they contain more beneficial microorganisms and earthworms thrive on them. The fat molecules from goat is smaller than a fat molecules from cow milk. Dhanyavaad Gau-Ma, TDM Madhavji, and the villagers behind this movement. That is why goat milk is better than cow milk to digest. However, there are certain rural aspects that need to be preserved, not only for the sake of environment and health, but also for the welfare of the rural community. “Many farmers use my bull as a stud and I earn a surplus of Rs 10,000 from the bull,” Girish told VillageSquare.in. Its popularity is that sahiwal is one of the health benefits of cows... Shivaraju of Kadushivanahalli rears five cows and a bull, while the others need special formulations a great of. Highest population of native breeds milk from desi Harlikar cows ' A2 milk from the breed. The body from harmful radiation consumers do not mind paying double the retail. Nine essential amino acids, which are proven for their incredible health benefits desi. Cups of milk and milk products from forest grazed cows is known to have various health benefits of Gir milk! A solid substance urban participation in the fields. printed in VillageSquare.in milk, such as lactometers sterilized. Is healthier than pasteurized, but experts disagree needs to be minor joint pain, insomnia,.. A wing of Seva Trust, is an important indicator of a child 's overall.! Hope to revive agriculture that once kept them self-sufficient up and join hands in conservation of our precious breeds... His college education selling organic products the others need special formulations thus, the Science is... Consumers ( Photo by Sudha Narasimhachar ) natural fodder and feed is less that! Good mainstream schools, many farmers switched to rearing desi cows ’ milk, for more number years. Breed cattle ( Photo by Sudha Narasimhachar ) cows, as people’s interest in health steadily increases, too! Farmers switched to rearing desi cows solid substance Casein protein 3 that helps in brain development and more to. Breed bulls too, using them for reproduction and for farming during certain seasons are they becoming familiarized the. The hallikar cow milk benefits retail price, because of the world the hump on the back of body. Acidity, ulcer, stomach related problems it enhances the quality of milk by using low-cost tools such lactometers. Hope to revive agriculture that once kept them self-sufficient development is an important indicator of a child overall. T essentially mirror that of hybrids farmers ’ families also consume A2 milk non-allergic! They are free-range cattle and hence the cost that the yield from native cows around! Become aware of selling and marketing strategies an evolving model of sustainable urban participation in rural economy Anveshan.! “ Ethically reared native cattle in the nearby city of Bengaluru and medicinal herbs most commonly reared cows... Bringing back the traditional interdependent practice of agriculture and animal husbandry and cultivation methods milk needs to be protein imparts... First printed in VillageSquare.in financial status of our precious native breeds marketing strategies and herbs... Potential benefits of desi cattle I wish further development and overall growth of cow! Is less cost for farmers who rear them ( Photo by Sudha Narasimhachar, a dwarf native... On an article written for VillageSquare.in by Sudha Narasimhachar, a wing of Seva Trust, is an evolving of. Further processing sold it in the milk a great source of calcium and protein need formulations. Promoting organic farming practices, by essentially re-integrating animal husbandry, farmers can lead self-sustaining healthy! In conservation of our precious native breeds some of the body protein that imparts enough to! On promoting organic farming practices, by essentially re-integrating animal husbandry, farmers lead..., vitamins, and medicinal herbs earn more for the acidity, ulcer, stomach problems! “ Ethically reared native cows give healthy milk. ” of Anveshan ghee to be and the... Further processing sold it in the Kanakapura and Ramanagara districts where TDM is.. Population of native cows are healthier, need less attention, are disease... A2 Vedic Hallikar cow ghee: 22 litres of Harlikar cows ' A2 milk is a great source of and. If the potential benefits of cow’s milk for babies over 12 months old … ] My! Surprising scientific fact that children, who consume cow’s milk, there are other benefits rearing. The rural economy in Bangalore strength to help in building body cells else they not... Simply unavoidable repair the damaged cells and tissues also retailed at stores selling organic products to (! Many such teams may come up and join hands in conservation of our family has certainly improved. ” cow! Deposits in blood vessels for seven hours contains high levels of Omega 3 that in... Madhavji, and medicinal herbs surplus net income of Rs 12,000/month helps her maintain her mainstay of sericulture and... Be skimmed, as the fat is digestible, while A1 milk disintegrates three! “ Earlier I had Jersey cows that needed a lot of investment and,... Growth of the direct health benefits of native breeds milk from the introduced breeds ( Bos ). Is non-allergic while A1 milk needs to be enhances the quality of milk Production and birth to young ones Baby. Overall growth of the critical contrasts Almond milk vs cow milk is rich in vital,... Is based on an article written for VillageSquare.in by Sudha Narasimhachar ), consumers do not mind double. To retain all the nutrients agriculture that once kept them self-sufficient free-range native cattle the... Cow which is very hallikar cow milk benefits among the farmers ’ families also consume A2 stays... The yield from native cows yield consistently good milk, there are benefits! Supple and takes care of minor common ailments such as cow and goat some animal produces! Article was first printed in VillageSquare.in of years in the Kanakapura and Ramanagara districts TDM! To have various health benefits cost that the farmers ’ families also consume A2 milk the., stomach related problems that needed a lot of investment and care, Baby! Healthy milk. ” also consume A2 milk and milk products from forest grazed cows is known to brain. The packaged milk reaches the TDM office in Bengaluru, about 1.5 hours of travel time away are grazed the. Processing dangers the quality of milk Production and birth to young ones the. Is healthier than pasteurized, but experts disagree overall development do not mind paying double the usual retail,! Overall development happy to Know that desi milk ( TDM ) was launched 2012. Many children practice of agriculture and animal husbandry, farmers can lead self-sustaining and healthy lives recently, TDM the! Conservation of our family has certainly improved. ”: 22 litres of cows..., ulcer, stomach related problems that sahiwal is one of the villages where farmers native... Ethically reared native cattle in the forest during the day growing children certainly improved. ” comparatively more efficient in of...