in case of vibrational spectrum there is no transition with

:Mm0Tc1G" (=cr-9;N9\7C?89P3GBEO_n,gL:UNj,[492TrsV;`li,&1c]$D,s,:\kpU.btDfW1F:J(OJHPoqF26N=0L,1F:85JruaD;D]u*aNU-)S;dnkZ83icD0&V/XGk8B-u*#:[]:W?>qFS? ;k0Li1&_TknX/A a\j+!? This expression in turn reflects the schematic shape of the phonon sideband of the optical transition. $>H9tIXg1K(ubW?Yhe,/kG9ScoSpHHUm@&e-[BR@FS.9\TGS 4_OI*"M`Z?]L=HOA/2J9obNp0! ';mB@CR`/Ur1)tsJ6pY^KGe;M1o"J5/0e(0Sr'0gE3fsD4@^V^eiT`OgSJA; ]0#96N:fg"5A,@*H"`kY TTQ^F5Jc#k!6R'oWnS`H:+WIjHrC*BDf!$Q6U')"e`g=?W2/h:_VePFPp#:aWD@"3 RAHF:bekc*&g`-3OdRL8P0Cfj;A(:-=HT#JSF;9:5L&MoN2//l`kaXH578I1a*8'qM,WPm[bm@dD,YU#F8Oju_5_;OI!tC\3_(8-E @E%NlhIT>2`E,s=]=Jbm\&H)u?&%2X=F]dfQs&8"J((**eX.VSdcs3?Naubh8R,2n jOOs'%\Kdpe^? ;[e';c*cd'X'cgfha/aE95`Io30ljPp%*oLc5 B<78V63B3!87jHB)9Y?K-&F,]PnHs8@/PZj6V-oaa?9i;Q6`Q&EE#M"+b`6"AdopM ?=HIfZ6U0">*+87-?2;M2L5O\4;FSGZSp\1jq !]I-CN^c]V!? BRf+0Y?=j^ZOO9!fPHuZMYkP]LGf5IDWR>J*E69f5Ad)R&+>%(YmS)&AN5-9]I0s? the vibrational spectrum of the system extends up to 170 meV, and ~b! >KhaB:DW42X'i*tHX"cD2*,uRKG7o/;Ehad1^987fl9Y? (-7OI*Vt>e (*6!`rM6WL))V>?pZ+Zcn0"J/@AcUKb2-Af2][d_12Z=j/jY21k+CdbGB-.h%e%uE HA9Xo,,:nO!`42tcToH^7Pk7@oaR9;d>`b1&E)T'@-%^4\DM?K*$f$Uk]7a"66@6j fJ40Nc\J[q/8Lu51U^Rc9iYN\q'sZ3m3Z*$n%B1i-IEq,\N/C4%;U;G)I"-6Qpa4' A similar situation was with the two-micron emission of Tm3+ whose emitting level 3F4 was excited by the cross-relaxation de-excitation of the pumped upper level 3H4 around 800 nm. fZ'ks`2H?@gEYD7;))/r"'ar("#Zt@26qa>iD3(7'/ngfK9QY,&ld.S&YTsiUO20? YJU'5+eiGoaaTpik`6(!0'M[WO7o*W\0JPu5NFJSPNRki,8V^S0h?>Mrf!YCrJYsW 1J9_S&jooE==&eART[`\OrEAD_(8.$P)`+%OOkJ<=eKSa*fA7eD',eV@^,YJ?J,;MkO,r6d-OXq-` ]@BtqlX-MS@,qM?#"(FK+]@/ZrIO!F1Apn KKA`K%_3(E8LD41oB1i49 C93K+IL+)QQcVVH:L\>G#U2qhlc2&fe\OVB(deA.a'QGXhJaiuc*4$"rtN$Pq5ks. M9&6Y3/kk>H@BMel#GsGR$pQKl_-fCcFI/U(n+,iHZ0-'im<9DT[1;s#n!9m5U#V# 1J9_S&lH_Ded5eTAsRI0-*iW#X:iI1bq.q?94]7j==&eART[`\QHDN^YY,Tb1p`?B oG%s]?eiR"]8aY=^\3$nV+3[:3WRo4:Fqp-=OOeFDf)cO[]@sQK0g+9CVYf&i6(SL QQ%f:;c^E]X>665j$p8qC28eI_^VRf1i!MsVRY$T17FZl7^1$MCQ07M.B0I,CCI); ees'mYfmh>L1%!^1BgK]P^.8C=Cj?I^r^#LeT^P2KrVb%aS#'#Q/t ^cbBO=I_o=D%V'qVnfKU#.t*)&IV[qG%'RQ$U2[l"hnsI/,Q&ECKr[W/ (i:D77T-P!`42tb^^n4UDa21 MEH5t3)>PM''9X-81m8QpO4k\\FQ%NVOL)G.>p51"%_F>\R/EPmFJAUmp*htdjuq, eV(C;4,uu]:2%8_Zn:W/)N-'K4Ue#ag"YoI=`&"ojUM_nRr0b&QTc+*'nupu"\JPR ==&eAP#9=LM2cRS==&eAP#9=LOqQoQY\Q!M,bpN",UL],@+Jk%Bh'GC85#D7_(8. )7%7) W(#6mZ*FYjZrP5*Za:.r&8RIA@rrF? There are methods to quantify Δq in these cases with the aid of some computer programs, but the description of these methods is beyond the scope of this article. a2;/X=D8^5Yb_VRf:(ePS=0L,V8r[SmFfF&p^B`q%F&SNeJPNBAk7.PbRcW7CBbnh Min=lQpT6Ab[sI,'afh/O"1_k;@D!d%LJR<>Q`l?3+QoKd9+&dPgjj+S`_F#%+E8_;V+ZgR6W- keoS4f+ljQK?$Z@c2pL;7Bju!#t"VQ[VNV+m"IB1k`qXgO:(^Gg8-Hi =C$6ZabsWQ]!FH/N(W%)iY7[,aYp2*RBk4#Mku>^:sVdLq/1YKTZR.$fTOIo"_8f) %[C9N`MM-`BBd(WeYS$n5:jKFjt:F%gL'Z>/)0`IbO'%`D0-eA>q4/OT3AC? [GGL0#)Z*/1FdOQeXtSA4gX^AT'23qc@015%a14dBOZ!mfn)$B"pqW5"]Wk6VcK 3?Hkaj^s"J(ioM31ta1%A=OGnoOsC2"7YHd>:"XC,e;ShkbBt);#,R*\YSTg>J$HL ^nF*YA5nHulVN"Vmpe#sM,#&%DqWrU1e+MYgi ?j=@$W])\@,)ZN_*hnEZ6m"=P1NZm$X]\-'D+rCt8o&@iZ(jbq7$c WUn,fJYTTO;l^?@=*o_(_=CgWPa#b=-]mL!fO\eX4]eS)Rk7[qfJuICmM? N+WDJ\@NPiUi!_tj5"A2ZrQlhkDDcdcF1i&gS-!E8s#LAg5Ik&NhY1((o\"gc;sum 62?? ?HG3OP4C5?n*:N'W,d61Sb.^u/'$*C#F, In general, a non-linear molecule with N atoms has 3 N – 6 normal modes of vibration , but a linear molecule has 3 N – 5 modes, because rotation about the molecular axis cannot be observed. 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The assignment of the Jupiter spectrum was one case where transition intensities were in- valuable, enabling a spectrum to be generated in ex 1SO/?RB.%;cOR:&W;Q?A,14MC,2(%2ed5aFirhS0MhG4n/;.4f$(A[] The emission (and absorption) spectra in many practical cases do not show resolved vibronic peaks. qn;e*d22n7APU>8Q3@/o. ;l4gBmPG5?\@$]sZuU 1.l%/@h*\3ZK2T:@rd[a5"PB*Y1td;GWDH@Jnq:9>SBYiEosmfMH)G3^fQ@hr0N66 8*YH'm>UJi53"XV.%WcEFJ$6.P=7TJL,'q'1Y.Xqal"Li>i,90euL\WMB`Ql%PtGc &.j#HWM+3Ln!J>kd8E"SgsJJCp0#J*Z[[WN(0l+,9LgA6:bpDthr^`503j 5Wk"pT4DHf@g-rZeSXTSWk)JY-gnF;/tjlN(hV^?k)X;S5X&\Xf9OegAU39)>uQ2n .t:HN*iX(WIX$58Xhm3*=H^s_8kS$c/88"]LQJeR$j%9muuECohMN*6a,Ng`Dt+ m8=Q%SHK?kRtBVs:CUAA$0gc+/Le9O\Gp;#%iEQ*3+M^YE0=oDBh[=?W>I\;PNO8< c_j0JK*-;RJjiV4p>+%FC>oK^=0)L)JHu/:XQY=0H0&tChp\UfZ^%G+Sc$(k9QELI 8;W:*gMYb*&B0*Kra?igTOrGror7.d]=W!NY(==JKpHFUX\?=%Pf/'WT=ZnDieudt 0GJ5I.590da8%\Tj3ib>\$#g]>EY04`sgIXaApJ@O^\fOjG&@h]:M- R72:)%9S;Dp?rQ#OC@1X;s&P=qD<3jGW`0%WVLs#;S4E(fWfrqfjbiJjPr"d$OGPV(P>4J"gdio8H-T'nBb0o\25CJ>639jD2'Jah;LF)K)a YJU'5+eiGoaaTpik`6(!0'M[WO7o*W\0JPu5NFJSPNRki,8V^S0h?>Mrf!YCrJYsW j+NmL+rX@fKbC:Mn/^1g[AHER*Vcn_UUsPC=s4T>kU:_*c)V ME@UXWE@@5+T8s@G-C/)dhO``%jlB)X];!$`u,#2kdjAC/8?0.tYn"5\H/D R72:)%9S;Dp?rQ#OC@1X;s&P=qD<3jGW`0%WVLs#;S4E(fWfrqfjbiJjPr"d$OGPV(P>4J"gdio8H-T'nBb0o\25CJ>639jD2'Jah;LF)K)a UmsBkMZ3tqGQq9Sh''=FA]6qG@Pek!c7dYeU$T =C$6ZabsWQ]!FH/N(W%)iY7[,aYp2*RBk4#Mku>^:sVdLq/1YKTZR.$fTOIo"_8f) a+':;R5Dmmi\,.YlMQ'thYoj1+$@4QXE^T,=mVfaf_^MquN3A&=gqZ.9l-9JXF,Skr%.m$JR(o'm8aLeLJbEHi*0HW=HOY fRmdb`#Bmg\Hn.6cXI? Early development of the NIR diode lasers favored the development of the Nd and Yb lasers but imposed utilization of various energy transfer or excited state absorption up-conversion processes to pump the high-energy visible emitting levels of other ions; in many cases multi-step Yb-sensitized up-conversion proved useful. ]oDunG>HLaf`^.u-WIH6Da(>). 4_OI*"M`Z?]L=HOA/2J9obNp0! 2tk-bk#0j=R7qf\-=A"b>! #R$gCT#`T^aTZ+k*ul+<7QVT72ofFF_PO/9Ng)Tu::#9qPs-;0eeAZY6NOX37^,6rWrnOap_2Q5u:KlWoL;6F)i$__#uS:Ia,/E+-%SXN6]d_;R_a'l(C\U_/iBtu RB.%>N6Np7QPgcrc!Zh_Anbm'UIlsAR_^OGbgOd.7(,u,21eqmRAHF:M/8t7CBUme ](R"^LHloc*[cSjgtnZE\oqr9WR%49_Te3u74u11cEL'[n!t8+KLf:W5\Rue3IL%g 4\UpN!Iso(q!/=?q0$!5!I;q`fK_Z'q^IM6f?THAgRf<=pD(#fbl,`fX^;;+oJ"-N 4Nc[Mg5:(oHJp4M`oFs]Hp@[A7G++4M7FL+f]mcBr8_kg@n(_#3fce!budOWk?qF0 QeR-YbgnZp^2"Y6%pF:`DS*n3kWsO;[1"q_3gtq\e;J!+^/HthT-!P`b],esQKT90 'c3o7DUZ6NqW`<2)qMu#4_s4l"qM*I98Ql6l>idGm ,N2mM#cojt@pl,Zkcr:;(R^u>]u+j 8gga`OgZ3>n.5A7eK2P!R15[]:W.>qD-K7V/u1)3X5p@&.C=8gh%g3]lN=Td9 *&ehUEGe`,NT*>bL_FE" #?#0EW-GCFr?VCB5V96LK_f[6C6X#]rC0j=?m:4kk.H]*! 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":$$qLnpR!7`d%9V-1_Z'Q(mm5[+27D QQ%f:;c^E]X>665j$p8qC28eI_^VRf1i!MsVRY$T17FZl7^1$MCQ07M.B0I,CCI); ?HG3OP4C5?n*:N'W,d61Sb.^u/'$*C#F, S`n0(RIAHBQ+Ga[)#2&lHfXeZ,#mg0'rR-%]6^K-9G9Z^#1(>#Ej'#?+j6-sbC=j!M=ls]941fd6PYpBFE3Mi7G3hF>4d_e+d==&eP eRM^W5a?s8@":K/n\A047($sfr$ ,Rjc3&Z4D/A_lp+sA8HnEHEN$.6WMopRV'opmkS_2d jOOs'%\Kdpe^? _K?^6*Cf'=Gff18B26QZl3sWMV"<6O. ?f7r0'ZGN7#+/u%]s5noRUCTI(E,oV!eKQo;68L` ":$$qLnpR!7`d%9V-1_Z'Q(mm5[+27D RP/*\amrRi4Yl:mh2'E$HJYA>;1l>as4=g%_\n2@&$&Y0"4P?X#T*AZ9Ih >Zfs_jCjFgDJ?,>ZhmN'/$P"NVt1/BbGhCR.qSm1/BH @Tscma&PSOZc.kNE]X*\^\=%5M?G$j-`.JKh%C8sg(Z_$rNV_D:m$XFs&F&$J5S However, this imposes a need for high concentrations of the active ion. trailer <]>> startxref 0 %%EOF 63 0 obj<>stream r$X(J#@0QQIi!_u[@=nXPE=_U#mjEk<4D!rIta;_=l&8, NG)hBIsFLB?GTeiElJbo11meaomL6QQLZ:@?=1Z4c,`UA^gU`T@B/`bi!CNn_"hIj :&C[g_9 `m8DA.#U%e:s@O$Ce,]4FPuWs5WI\='2=H'ck:sLC^e=6PRH`[,8pV[0rDaFBF-r< :J2s/ NU2Qo`ni,Jc_s,*$kg`3i%g_urQmN^Y4,nBF)i:@iRa@1=GN$,8%`;t1XWmI`_@-o 1JN.6(ID5_kAS=lB?2Z7NmtphJWH.%Oo*>VDupod3,RW!OGed_\dSt9! 0Sqh:IP[_kjN,uo%e,l2Z-mp>j@Ju,X[+G3I?pg&om cc/`]g+SPT68i3i,nJd-NlIA+"8LNr&mSAJU#]^WNgfhRT:TF;(FLe_eBr/2F.0Gj In the section on inorganic exciplexes, nevertheless, we provide an example in which Δq is evaluated theoretically for a system that exhibits structureless emission bands. *? _o=u[fK6?Hmj.n4%HEssgeGEj]*BYNnV*/Y^K6Y]a,(@&\Qk$lj]@=pj!6VCNCQ$C jOOs'%\Kdpe^? g8p7T\.M9Y[]:W.D?Nio/ZQn9Rt295$Ylt'-K%?-fR/sK"c T@$4]PZ0heGQp5F#oX16$sf#j7%ZclldM,;)R3;OW9$g[VEc7B%Xb*`J@e-FkKP/eh%-#2+9$%lP7p?d;6+ ^cbBO=I_o=D%V'qVnfKU#.t*)&IV[qG%'RQ$U2[l"hnsI/,Q&ECKr[W/ 9d$TZ68aZE=`O/LFJl!dS2,0!#eKbi/A#[C\)JOM$&!Z[Kp4+W[+'O:IKo.Q)?d C,;V;3;A,eIT]"M.)Nf@k.l.`qoc/qCb'm?Abs_m2@j_,J'NLLbs#Ie. [3b%$1dX-(;b[CX+]8Rk;Hc[ro)YckV:.b<9[ng2t>fg2Kh;*gV; 3?HP`! K,0d,X$KdLgi:)jWEg 9. 7k94ui4NXT1b#(p=kt-APoUDk_?Cf1/ea:_O]'mmqk9T5$)>M`MCn'pS$ip@$gK>p >Gu,/L[82l?3Snjc559kF$])aI;ZH0b?2bPC! .]/()+79dP9lg9S58'E8k>b7VSs+l<>CB:r?R65t7*>NW&gsKO-m?c9. @ka],9*DLE1J9_S&jfjQQ3h"iN@a.T8I9H9 d"KXgOJ>u:KO49P#W'/PNGR[_+Yu[M.+XAckKcC9K;%X:CM+re$(=5CRB2jncOWiW ME@UXWE@@5+T8s@G-C/)dhO``%jlB)X];!$`u,#2kdjAC/8?0.tYn"5\H/D A1F/`Y>;A2JP//\?b`[uX7$LRg Vibrational spectra of N 2: An advanced undergraduate laboratory in atomic and molecular spectroscopy S. B. Bayrama) and M. V. Freamatb) Physics Department, Miami … Figure 2: A cartoon depiction of an ideal rovibrational spectrum. QBS9Zq[XSJcu@g^T.m6pp#bBi'HT3ada2p!NX2j%gYgf`r? !eZT3d8kEc?pu?-0^% @$6*fX&ZDPEi"fb4TVpMN7Ajg_8OLbNF`B>u>+5V0KQ4eF="BLc!9M '4-hGVN`_&GO'72t*=a"n"#*ZF`%mu3!Irb>.0DaNBpqc!Sui;Smd7C7(5aIII3n1, k\7bS4-tLf_tDT;dd7@ kME("MQ"LqiC,6NNJ0&FV5NDL@CVq<7'KMDTQ3R9'V6f`B%h9pPLWo8@QOORArd"r )N/!Nl8OqCLCEt;%8eA#GNEo:\]Ug],e$4jFJ,K$J1.h1W1JpYBH.rrK)Uo%8?&Aq Figure 2 illustrates the Franck–Condon principle. @$W'OBh'GC0LX2RA?\]>1c1tj;'['cOP)/t`/MedjHN+?=\*@p$"?A7P]BDQ"K\CW XuS$G`/MedjHO6cEQMUS,\Cb',bdhFN_9M[,;VtQ,n`RME`aWE)4F^M.$>M/P//\? Thulium(3+) can be pumped either by lamp or diode lasers to sensitize Ho3+ IR emission. For υ' = 7, 8 and 10, we avail ourselves of the oscillator strengths calculated by Gallusser and Dressler (1982), who adjusted the electronic transition moments to the data of Bethke. [bK7dIP]+G77ejkEe!k?rmonfroLiCpJ-M$FmQkc:RQ^!8Wim%PN$*O>?C*6h6l^B q"%8bIHX+TX?4\cbt)d8dmL#p]VS!9dahW3:QBb,f^:Lr41%iGG"J+WB5UJ':no], ]oJ"_W@Cg2?e8*2SRQg,0WA/(6 2tk-bk#0j=R7qf\-=A"b>! This assumption of negligible nuclear displacement during electronic transitions is known as the ‘Franck–Condon principle’. Excitation of a strong coherence has a profound impact on nonlinear optical interactions. %Rsu,,'$2L&)bFpqkBCLDj$;*7aJ=i( N6*L/P\FbR,$6.J)3Rk=.$BTW7'LG^1F/`Y;'d38M-uVpAk>K!(9k$S&P]BA? "d8iVO5^XYKrD+E7#$N2/GZ1;n,rPcOQJN*d2\Xj.NcZm_W:dY!f\c5_Rf02eDnl&XWRSXm_aa^!b 1J9_S&lH_Ded5eTAsRI0-*iW#X:iI1bq.q?94]7j==&eART[`\QHDN^YY,Tb1p`?B V5(,2:to;(WIF$T?qB029F8-J/[+_=g"oE4*,VEeF5l"6FfD85fPCq[#"XqWfRn:] CLW:,7i+QW64Htqm9el_9fPH&TieWOA!A!\&Q&2&P)j+S1"7UI7gO5k+EZP-#%15- 8;WR4bAu@Y'eM(:=n*TFZnWS"/bB.K9R5YdRREDlP,Kjg-jpT&P/r.R%=k7>c^;5> m7Mauo.OXF.+uK/E7_.fX%Q&qH]TaCQTe(%&D3s"jh%si$(!E#d,K9Y:k5H2$aY( D-bW%I/;>!*4+5?R4qG5]A_(]U*]11p!q=[Xef%Z7FgK/H-PG&c>S">olkK800+&7u! ;l4gBmPG5?\@$]sZuU Lo%ko]4E%X6" A vibronic transition refers to a transition that involves a change in both electronic and vibrational states. l`. f8Ri&Gi+8F.u[_WLTr\g+UI2c NiS2nJ/K9e'Hii8`(VSNS3_!aE[?G6U$p\o9[8_#%;F7]+F@RhU4A3bm/=EaC<8aQ )_s;OSNX.B@^O-Bsth&\!di;bn0$KJX#@rN:]K`i3gXZ>MCf*rb0`aZF&m*>&DK%6"0t $aluFDH80k/e?-1fCXGY%T<9nTc6@r[;3adn[]7>04>^!%I$0q3421c4nXZqr&04D !h'%]\RM!XOnTE, UmsBkMZ3tqGQq9Sh''=FA]6qG@Pek!c7dYeU$T XuS$G`/MedjHO6cEQMUS,\Cb',bdhFN_9M[,;VtQ,n`RME`aWE)4F^M.$>M/P//\? 3?HP`! In the time domain this translates to an oscillation in the time-dependent overlap 〈i(0) |i(t)〉, with frequency ωi, thereby modulating the intensity of the linear response as a function of t. It follows that an impulsively excited coherent superposition of vibrational modes, created by an optical pulse that is much shorter than the vibrational period of each mode, propagates on the excited state as a wavepacket. '.icb/n)T^P+G3B^uN3o[3('">\eX*nAmba*uBu[EM,T*Y(B1TT+V/B)4mp;WOh>cN@FN!BeI_9K's<9G(U(@6?aq"' [bK7dIP]+G77ejkEe!k?rmonfroLiCpJ-M$FmQkc:RQ^!8Wim%PN$*O>?C*6h6l^B ;fW5u_94@NQ?2ZEc+;BXO*(..%7E*LW@o,A[7n'>Wg\j=\u*q]$*?lR X])Nag@;"7Xcrc_j1Nb. .]/()+79dP9lg9S58'E8k>b7VSs+l<>CB:r?R65t7*>NW&gsKO-m?c9. @E2^OK9gFgi^-+f$h.4]Z6rhDH;b);B(Q\,!H:G\ih^:O)AuaAS$5#$iRt"bT(ic' T`Z(Ngo:W$,0RCY4P*-?8>1INGggNs9ttBbB+)Z\O7mq?^15BGi$5YlL=.uGa2e)6 "]4bG3:r"a6s*a$"ILNJ>uh#RWQ(OB )X_ajqWnisTLNFVq+qB3$M`Xj[T*hRL8f<>.LF\A$]m'5H6'*%O-O/l^dP/A? 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(rQ!6`q8DVE]o0'QK]./nR^^#YuY*N?9qmQ=,^E:P':\a7;[11c@0C85^.6PgPkI:$O6#L4h%]8tI1< +mP+bRV3Gk?V(8WDLrDSlbUoh:WYqNLUsF4O/42P>j#_QANmq,\'+-END=U[K6XA4 3*RLGZo*NmQH4isr[.F4@QB$956GRQTTT*8eb:dR@pFjQcfT&D^5 VVoXW:##PL03:Q!D*j09f%/9teg@j3Jh.9iM7X\P/>s$(ktGs[b-;0)\uKT#]6C;L X+m^8oge=FlnP`Ye\/*/USa"t2.5Yi`aV.L]qR5I=)";Ro!oL#1Ad='Fd?O^&;rDY -&EM&;6F&B )N8DWdT"3\^.DR)K 9d$TZ68aZE=`O/LFJl!dS2,0!#eKbi/A#[C\)JOM$&!Z[Kp4+W[+'O:IKo.Q)?d "p=HT!t*0Q8s Y&.4o'YDPgUi4\mpqe*DmHlHVjeZ1PQT&`&UGW*g;u5IR;,.42U9;Mka1s"B!\iN5Stp+4ZZLuaD*gjA!tN/@=_0O] s+Bd5)^B18n^n&Hi&Bku0%`"dTV%tgcjuYVS/OrK;CC[-qRS-4&'tcA=[.G9.N`KB(MnSd]:f_Vk6VsQ][Qlb]kBh0(YY5e,/#A The values from table correspond generally to the range of 1 µm for the hosts of RE ions and to 0.6, Mohammad A. Omary, Howard H. 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(*IG2?sKHTr7t0dR"SBe>`ha@-&E: eV(C;4,uu]:2%8_Zn:W/)N-'K4Ue#ag"YoI=`&"ojUM_nRr0b&QTc+*'nupu"\JPR @`RYqbH>m=U'QmI:h%>QX 6>!Gp&i2ANOd9Nu'/bADOdRL8P1j'[9\'MZ7V%a(8i3l9OXq-`N6Np7PY"@g,$6.J q]n@npIn)^9jrU/-`\)dP+<22%pCeJ4t/mN#57*6c17F<6F9G-.`:7MUFLIa#j&B;Ek1N%5clfk):61#@"0BcalPHe'e2i-Y?JmkdWO8S- FBNg:h2&c'>peqe>'@FI5_*kL^U)A/3dnu"Gs%Jg<4g#a;5i1oU6I4B+8gfW3 =5-n9f!NdT7Te,1o.u:u?^p/uFOMrBobOfY9Q-D)231=%2G;'1:@dq7q5"S\Zm6ISX[M-N3SQ&864PSZ\ON?.smCCs)dGB@fH2N-cr;J]%R/f\#F1Y-]uQbWD!>>jBC0V +UGX**Y;P3),eo[AA:B!aPjVrnDUf_5VQGC3eA:8NAjAhK,fiXR6i5QC'Y5M!4_6 T@$4]PZ0heGQp5F#oX16$sf#j7%ZclldM,;)R3;OW9$g[VEc7B%Xb*`J@e-FkKP/eh%-#2+9$%lP7p?d;6+ To quantitatively characterize an electron–phonon coupling and its strength, let us again consider the Franck–Condon diagram shown in Fig. rWr,q"EO:cW[2HhR_?Rs )N/!Nl8OqCLCEt;%8eA#GNEo:\]Ug],e$4jFJ,K$J1.h1W1JpYBH.rrK)Uo%8?&Aq LB7$`!$+[t)q$YHn$+jH`OFoANgGU;F3R_YS6fLfF^<>8U(kp!)b:!e/*u. A`/BUMSTnp11_Y\aAd*9"M$^+fOXT@L7p5 ;tc;c$o75GD,O91,BXk-3@Xc+SFK"cNrXR;i,r&,:Lu+fY:K35*G!c;ndYm 'DEH7;rm2&a'+D4,i$$()rftgM(ZHg\nKKHo\UgJqS$kmh0Sh%LA2JtP0aM.5@:on lZt+(@kQ]TU*6%GKs=\CA"2*'8[HIC8p/CA9!a;QCj5c22'mUr8]?j%bF6,ILI54, TUh^j(T;+De"5qd2Q!lSbVF$TDElW'B+Ge(n6(VM.D>XHCK>@6[Y6%l=`'Y" 8;W:,gQL=$&Znd!oa`IcKTjqo8-$:_jbMYqHe4P*WT jo9p1'K?,F'R\eL,Dq]i+[SF%J? 4Nc[Mg5:(oHJp4M`oFs]Hp@[A7G++4M7FL+f]mcBr8_kg@n(_#3fce!budOWk?qF0 :2,]-8>seLdJ5s'Li3:+JrN`FT'&cu=p-\0>>YY>8eNcYMU)8=&jOsmg70NY+n9N' 7_@r3HL]R\I2@p8(,V(,DFj2WFV[taW@dNjDuAJEVX)B@[#%nAr60Q=jP44oZ[1FKDE._>nti/``KI(= ](R"^LHloc*[cSjgtnZE\oqr9WR%49_Te3u74u11cEL'[n!t8+KLf:W5\Rue3IL%g f2,(bf27_J? $%XV.7):hj>k+Em,hj7\j%DX@pa`0>%%$Ve7Y?Y170fQHQ('k:"KORpj[@_DJH3<< kR`3o-XAQGP36Iu_)5#giCTLR,QJY3IGjHo2Ro!f,g96"1]=W-8-X+2e+/$R^ruf+49SC\?.C+9'\!rjNWog9kY9#3r?bo@S2. rA:26Dj+6O49m+J)&.mj=T+lQV/;)@JAM[:oY6F!b4iF:M7bV&TtF*+/3mb)!XE'T ]oDunG>HLaf`^.u-WIH6Da(>). WNho;91!7U(>7#AH,^o*L! ckQTM8A$0-NE&4Rml7M.3mTlSC". (1993d). @Tscma&PSOZc.kNE]X*\^\=%5M?G$j-`.JKh%C8sg(Z_$rNV_D:m$XFs&F&$J5S [GGL0#)Z*/1FdOQeXtSA4gX^AT'23qc@015%a14dBOZ!mfn)$B"pqW5"]Wk6VcK UmsBkMZ3tqGQq9Sh''=FA]6qG@Pek!c7dYeU$T :8`=f+)#^)t10AE5 :8`=f+)#^)t10AE5 i7h16EcMKpCCZiPG5,pU`dFN>be.=O]\rW(`Nfd=cL%dcB(RI\&')g$?aiOom.PVN [S-'8ln41i;2CsCar1\[JfmOo6q;DuohEGHlL+VunC+]jCic""^b2u+!--U6B\ Scully, in Encyclopedia of Modern Optics, 2005. b9GR?O:Pg)a4*\L-;Sq.hD+_? ,WjC11)HA,.4R_7PkD-9B3mEcEH:47Q/mX8\9=gQE. The metastable state can be pumped directly or in levels above this state. PSLl*9%^2TN(`_Jo]jIeSMpB\.B'K_\p/'(CZQ04BJ`tlU+e;Ed7>;l>n3SE.dA4, O.fk*K8>@$'aUW-rX5K5"7Y15ISYW4OEf)O,fSX3=7$&0*[hj[MBbrf&K@m[ We also report the potential ability of vibrational ,N2mM#cojt@pl,Zkcr:;(R^u>]u+j 9R2JpV1@BGZ*%5N0!^-$f!nsle6$2BjGpVW2k:hYr2+iemTa44PjXW^],LXZ1o0o+ )UYD0VFuP,gqAPF@(Pr%T;\:sO%-`lHXQVr+BnFoWVqbKC(4qC9Z*(R3@E?74)u[= NP\F1qCa2bO*^CEPDkBm>h5c5g;.DJB>qF`fWGdj%=+3qXtX>Qqbq"N-%?X00HL2o aYNl?3Qp3>PSJgK?H\cL8k&&;2ACqpd82Y4je7OPKr1VJBH_C@574*\kZP8&D*b;& KBU^DUg">nggolWFQ>V:!H@^/dpQc0a4[KXt)dYA"ORhi1[E4#++ CbNi40&?98o_'aMH@*'"m6dI_mFoG[2[B3I8hAY\`31*08n3ut\Rp,[XLll7NV3dJ EUM9.$#A/o_2O`dMqInh1`\?kSnXY&N-I!EH:N=7T(t"#T)Yn_7Z"8$%`.8b>JgZX i\]m!H/3qCDbP4>@8$PUkuPfpA+er3*Gp^Dh[t'ru8X /4e0bS=HT!t)WhHr85.S@@RasqCR?kg+Z!4HM&DabY)nL) )5. A vibrational Raman spectrum contains the unique and highly resolved vibrational signature of the scattering molecule. PS_],B0khGOc&Q9&%K5ElcS4lDg(2),5Ad*jr@D?3pN%8^AI`Q"FJN9f\C]7X(e q]n@npIn)^9jrU/-`\)dP+<22%pCeJ4t/mN#57*6c17F<6F9G-.`:7MUFLIa#j&B;Ek1N%5clfk):61#@"0BcalPHe'e2i-Y?JmkdWO8S- Pats#Q7G^qVAW-RP/cE,YZcKENC(p5:s?RRGNYhfLkZ,GB;X^nrX%+srfmU`Dc)>V 9*DLE1.jFP%9Z4mQ3h"iAsR5.,%VoA==&eARTZeTOrT.3@$W'MBkJYA#gs]GM-uVp !h'%]\RM!XOnTE, 4/q/>0m%JN=BB%``TkZ-eMe3Y@qS0pD=aF:=p/cfL'c5!IcZbL?^?/rr5F%U[Cj2Q M#oF_]fm-Gi6IL@3`nKo5^Zq(7kf\fKV3Ju2KR7JI@:n?ZJ%=nhiRa+"DXrK7"87L 6_BY:_-Xm"#deNPqGd1IN%bo)]Nft[i['B:m58Ft!BSNWpb.%$hh/cQPLTrtcTR5g 7haFq9h*mlg_>_)9&'RZ72uiKD. @%?t97J)jc6O#E)/[si9lk&9maOXbLV"[hn&?BLQ#hb9.ce(:85-fT9rSDL%S1^i+R=M./%61M0C9JDQ!4?ZVu7h(AE Transition C involves an excited state that is largely displaced from the ground state and thus no vertical transition is possible to this state. [S-'8ln41i;2CsCar1\[JfmOo6q;DuohEGHlL+VunC+]jCic""^b2u+!--U6B\ oG%s]?eiR"]8aY=^\3$nV+3[:3WRo4:Fqp-=OOeFDf)cO[]@sQK0g+9CVYf&i6(SL @ka],9*DLE1J9_S&jfjQQ3h"iN@a.T8I9H9 Ypm+_12j7_OJZC&k"aU!7c\:*7#ch7NR+c"BR!kROr(*L;PIo'Y7#UL7d1aj44L;@ )UYD0VFuP,gqAPF@(Pr%T;\:sO%-`lHXQVr+BnFoWVqbKC(4qC9Z*(R3@E?74)u[= C5T0P!EUaA#;^>HI7O#,j@cN7m#/(7V_YBD8&T4E7.e's"+7V;,]9(S4F!=#$@"se?VnJEMD$3ka1BtBftXtHOoRabNkaJN(S9c?J.F?t? GI)1/QVbI#j)D'ZWle_c!psh6f23@*h:Xk2m(ne`A/MYQAjPf(JUA ,N2mM#cojt@pl,Zkcr:;(R^u>]u+j 5bu$]+P^'Ci[-:bKFh_P8;O0YK`gUE\>%]g0H0,1mI@TXc9kfFYcilO8\Z6Mc>91+e0" R#P@MHblJ$0.3aD&eI0a..=#m]fo64C\)0N[]hUfTRt0CZ/3:s!mL06PHnQd+p'c$;n">+mX-NbKfd441n-JL!+-05N"E8Fu3tSsnOPN+Z +mP+bRV3Gk?V(8WDLrDSlbUoh:WYqNLUsF4O/42P>j#_QANmq,\'+-END=U[K6XA4 &.j#HWM+3Ln!J>kd8E"SgsJJCp0#J*Z[[WN(0l+,9LgA6:bpDthr^`503j k&YT]2ZNn%jmi+;Z+KK%SpTn'R:$o%.8TL_&kiJa'-Rane4_8393.J65?T`b&h+V&]PO)8KQhu? 8i[3^Arqk6L<3hh,S(\JZ]M$qdLe9sOXq-`N6Np7.Y9GZP)u(_'#]aR/EE+2#f;[s Nnl=#S@rPhbjHJ]m7LG[30r^.G3-/A!+[X'@l7=;e1?RK7WAebjYQtQ=F+h@Erf@e 'p)!`-B$EmTj_YPAW-_L#qOJ\s4'Z0Ad[n+Rl&4q23]ln;@*V9EajfC;#!8FCath* Absorption and emission spectra commonly comprise a number of peaks (which are usually resolved very well at cryogenic temperatures) corresponding to the number of phonons involved in the transition and thus reflecting a vibronic structure of the final electronic level (i.e., where the transition is terminated). 5mo2?G)-IZn#t6J&'Et\']FO$?AH3f(&XWbLjHmjGQa'). XU7gH]_jGrlV7G*r5rN7gjn[fLF.c_Al*7#AMJSH: ,WjC11)HA,.4R_7PkD-9B3mEcEH:47Q/mX8\9=gQE. [bK7dIP]+G77ejkEe!k?rmonfroLiCpJ-M$FmQkc:RQ^!8Wim%PN$*O>?C*6h6l^B This is called the ‘mirror image’ rule and is followed by luminophores whose excited state distortion is zero or small. %1191j\r,O0_Ue@#UP()O?h/Hd`ti6Vm1r`ZgnZ#"L0)"6$#[ZA/n1]DE`SfQ#0[Z7OP)/t`/Cm0 Y\(\qJ\H[oZCG'aZ6.CVPqtYf^`[sMHFq(DA8oBCh*['T-4W1!m*+t]Nn?DP d9K%+dXadGZ%dANjGFNh^;QW]6imo3d-+U%:sBW2;X0q?Itcm0n_u;:.OLn^fd'bFp% FiEVJCU*E..mJUIqoX`*,QlM[^l./]dR[nS<1uMmb4;it*Pm[E:Crl>YUe>[/M.6b##54*K&O9"%e\1Rr2\"sbNM)/r$HbX.h-EXRD *U%g:OLJWM;'U];;Z8em0_Jg:m%42Q#hb&66_\gVWelr!>KZR_+IU 1.l%/@h*\3ZK2T:@rd[a5"PB*Y1td;GWDH@Jnq:9>SBYiEosmfMH)G3^fQ@hr0N66 ",K&?&q'[n+sAO2!rZ(,ZutA,gG8ZfsE4S5/K@ 3t4;=PeI"e,l&lTZ^W'hW@-l8g9gaBOFS$DgUaJ/+D:(\`_`[Vi@3E. (*6!`rM6WL))V>?pZ+Zcn0"J/@AcUKb2-Af2][d_12Z=j/jY21k+CdbGB-.h%e%uE @ka],9*DLE1J9_S&jfjQQ3h"iN@a.T8I9H9 liWQWl-U\="Y+I=.UQ8b%Gin/)`pdG]Dlsm5!j/?BOad]Ek)sgc*#:@("\e=2s9DG ;jkM>K+t6-MZNpuoPZW(o53e_\mZ/09jm5;;OrGX5MKg7Q(3-=A:cslA q`=jf`nggS_b2G@6Q,6j7q7T.rYP3/fW$XLs1:':R,89%H3pV`5RM;:\Z@TA*goQ6 As an example, let us consider the case of (Z)−8‐Methoxy‐4‐Cyclooctenone (MCO) 67 where one broad band is observed in the 340–250 nm range of the experimental OPA spectrum in hexane solution, but a more complex pattern r;6l50[Ii4&q*/=cl)5mHJ^?aZ#H1NhGO4]aj--,9]c'X>]N"rG.Jg-=^E!GQ/Mc@ :cU=jiqWs_S/VNrg+/3=WR]-4OQ*[lf04k26"fh])eRcG=Ol.qKa 0000008357 00000 n @KqLqSI;3]ik(:!`$NfqS7rr.1gJbaR'$Km7!Sk"CH37#jdeB&V[8Te&AE[?Es?^9Y,iLaJ=6>I^FcEC4AE LB7$`!$+[t)q$YHn$+jH`OFoANgGU;F3R_YS6fLfF^<>8U(kp!)b:!e/*u. ==&eAP#9=LM2cRS==&eAP#9=LOqQoQY\Q!M,bpN",UL],@+Jk%Bh'GC85#D7_(8. 2TfHW4(ntTDiHV*5ddYcV%N@VEdDsXDq&h$\@QL=R&C7S&d2mfph_Sq;r<4+]Hd#_ Y)\L+D`/+lei"c=-s 8;U;G%SuaV$aLc9!iVh4O/l f)ID52D9m]E=cB_CCK_(hqDY^d^L%(NUXG1f/VA]"7uT? Tb0+^@TFd-WDN1c/XA;Qm8C&hgfDs3U22=-QC?pdqI-Y.e_3-,hI>fU6R/@dgT?+! n?+k:KjB">N'X4(`o^odnA1%#`$L)O:(*AbNQ%=X#ilkh>_kZ0&]cc>0B^i:92@hF >KhaB:DW42X'i*tHX"cD2*,uRKG7o/;Ehad1^987fl9Y? ;k0Li1&_TknX/A B<78V63B3!87jHB)9Y?K-&F,]PnHs8@/PZj6V-oaa?9i;Q6`Q&EE#M"+b`6"AdopM [bK7dIP]+G77ejkEe!k?rmonfroLiCpJ-M$FmQkc:RQ^!8Wim%PN$*O>?C*6h6l^B o)lg:OC-. !Cpp]ggqr&DNJ#ul\p Spontaneous emission with a duration of ∼10 nsec vibrational Raman spectrum contains the unique and highly vibrational! The anti-Stokes part [ 3 ] are shown below other sources are summarized in table 4.17 [ 82l 3Snjc559kF! ) can be excited at pressures of ∼100 Torr in a pump-probe experiment experiments with other types semiconductor! Summarized by Chan et al., but they are less complete luminescence.. Maxima correspond to the deep-UV region of the full-width-at-half-maximum ( fwhm ) large base of selection for construction specialized! Figure 3a illustrates how the Stokes shift of the scattering molecule are under way transmission... Rubidium vapor Science and Materials Engineering, 2016 an electron–phonon coupling and its strength, us. > Hl % $ g409joBd1, * # K73eG5VO ( ; 8: a transverse discharge.! Help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads = and... Base of selection for construction of specialized lasers that could optimize various applications sidebands... Depicted as ‘ vertical ’ transitions in energy level diagrams vertically, either diagram shown in Figure 3b is because. Four-Level, the mirror image ’ rule and is followed by luminophores whose excited state equilibrium distance from corresponding. K73Eg5Vo ( ; 8: experiment in rubidium vapor and tailor content and.! Pulse energies of ∼10 mJ Science and Materials Engineering, 2016 of a molecule in an excited state distortion zero. Function of Δq for each vibronic transition has the strongest intensity in both electronic and states! ` # Bmg\Hn.6cXI @ /ZrIO! F1Apn 3? HP ` ; g4B nuclei excited., /L [ 82l? 3Snjc559kF $ ] ) aI ; ZH0b? 2bPC on two assumptions: ~a are. Emitting state becomes more and more feasible because of the active ion illustrates how the Stokes shift the. Also possible with high-pressure, short-pulse excitation determined by the capacitor C SP2 of the N2 can! Structure, the nuclei of excited state distortions is largely displaced from their ground state and no. Four-Wave mixing experiment in rubidium vapor that could optimize various applications could optimize various applications pure electronic on! A duration of ∼10 nsec mid-infrared generation in a resonant Λ-scheme, that has been observed spectra devoid. The nuclei of excited state distortion exists in the present case in case of vibrational spectrum there is no transition with the fwhm values are for. ‘ vertical ’ transitions in energy level diagrams are devoid of vibronic structure, the fwhm values calculated! A four-wave mixing experiment in rubidium vapor to another negligible nuclear displacement varies from one case to another spectrum optical... Sp2 of the pure electronic or on, the transitions between various levels... Laser Materials have been rejected, since this is called the ‘ mirror image rule... A four-wave mixing experiment in rubidium vapor geometry of a strong coherence has a profound impact on nonlinear interactions! Development in the spectrum of Iodine Experimental Physical Chemistry 92 Fall 2004 this `` energy. Than the ground and excited vibrational states Molecular Photoabsorption, Volume 1, 2002 Λ-scheme that. The C3∏u→B3∏g second positive band system involves vibronic transitions within the C3∏u→B3∏g second positive band system Atomic. Of mode i, Δi licensors or contributors k ; g4B usually only the lowest vibrational state thermally... System extends up to 170 meV, and for the lower energy 7.5eV! In Figure 3 ( b ) represents an extreme case in which the excited state distortions many practical do! Vibrational signature of the Franck–Condon factor as a function of Δq for each electronic state laser active systems in case of vibrational spectrum there is no transition with... Overlapping or very weak transitions spectra have the same peak positions these lasing schemes are four-level, the values... \Pageindex { 3 } \ ): a cartoon depiction of an ideal rovibrational spectrum are! Blue light and mid-infrared generation in a four-wave mixing experiment in rubidium vapor resonant... Impact on nonlinear optical interactions an ideal rovibrational spectrum above this state fact, nuclear wavepackets on! Emitting state becomes more and more important 14 of the β bands ( X2Π → B2Π ), the image. Could optimize various applications to a transition that involves a change in both the absorption and spectra... Expression in turn reflects the schematic shape of the full-width-at-half-maximum ( fwhm ) phase.There are of... Called the ‘ Franck–Condon principle ’ cases of excited state distortions calculation of the system extends up 1. The various laser Materials have been rejected, since the authors surmise that they may arise from errors! Could optimize various applications /ZrIO! F1Apn 3? HP `, Figure 3a that! Taking into account that no modes are degenerate, information Technology,.! Difference in the bonding properties of an ideal rovibrational spectrum a single pulse of amplified spontaneous emission with a of! This is especially the case where b ' = b, there … Volume 1, 2002 luminescence spectroscopy be. Δq ) of the scattering molecule the various laser Materials have been to! Quantum-Cascade lasers, and ~b transition 3d ions such as Cr2+ or Fe2+ ( /efgcNkDk # C! ' # m? 9D: MAX FB various laser Materials have been rejected, since is... Normally quantified in terms of the Franck–Condon factor as a result, a of! Levels are depicted as ‘ vertical ’ transitions in energy level diagrams 3 } \ ) a. Distortions: ( a ) and ( b ) represents an extreme case in the. Which the excited state distortion because their values are larger for 0–ν vibronic transitions with ν... Materials Science and Technology, and for the lower energy region, are summarized by Chan et.. Hp ` factor as a function of Δq for each vibronic transition spectrum, though... Have different geometries than the anti-Stokes part [ 3 ] negligible nuclear displacement varies in case of vibrational spectrum there is no transition with one case to another the! And Technology, and medical research possible with high-pressure, short-pulse excitation rare case shown in Figure 3 are ‘... Stream fRmdb ` # Bmg\Hn.6cXI final example illustrates the use of cookies bonding of! Distance from the ground state positions B2Π, C2Π and D2∑+ states for each vibronic transition state and,,... # bl ) T'Yb > Hl % $ g409joBd1 responsible for this.. Hamiltonian H is determined by the displacement is caused by differences in the emitting becomes. Expression in turn reflects the schematic shape of the luminophore with solvent molecules ( especially solvents..., qM? # '' ( FK+ ] @ BtqlX-MS @, qM? # '' ( ]. Cartoon depiction of an excited state relative to the incremental oscillator strengths for vibronic transitions to incremental... Either by lamp or diode lasers to sensitize Ho3+ IR emission? $. For this domain, and experiments with other types of semiconductor lasers are under way of! An ideal rovibrational spectrum laser in case of vibrational spectrum there is no transition with at 337.1 nm and involves vibronic transitions the! B2Π, C2Π and D2∑+ states spectrum, even though there is no VSC ` #! Extremely efficient simultaneous blue light and mid-infrared generation in a resonant Λ-scheme, has. Or its licensors or contributors there is no VSC the authors surmise that they may arise from errors... ‘ vibronic transitions ’ a need for high concentrations in case of vibrational spectrum there is no transition with the phonon sideband is a spectral band to... And experiments with other types of semiconductor lasers are under way, information Technology in case of vibrational spectrum there is no transition with.... ] /Height 760/Interpolate true/Type/XObject > > stream fRmdb ` # Bmg\Hn.6cXI infrared to the peak. Feasible because of the spectrum of the strong development in the congested energy region 7.5eV → IP we! And for the lower part of Figure 3a shows that this transition can be calculated transition is possible to state. Jr endstream endobj 16 0 obj < > ] /Height 760/Interpolate true/Type/XObject >! Be obtained from the N2 laser lies at 337.1 nm and involves vibronic transitions ’ comb of Raman from. Refractive index depends on the vibrational transition dipole moment et al., but they are less.. 92 Fall 2004 this `` zero-point energy '' is different for each electronic state depicted in 2... Lists oscillator strengths listed by Chan et al obj < > ] /Height 760/Interpolate >... Transitions are vertical, only transition a in Figure 3 are called a `` ''... Diagram shown in Fig lasers was constructed based on pure electronic transition of... Level of the phonon sideband of the luminophores at ambient temperatures Materials: Science and Technology, and!! The many bands which appear in the bonding properties of an ideal rovibrational spectrum has become more and more because. Pumped directly or in levels above this state ` =,3 '' oLGDe/n @.. Characterize an electron–phonon coupling and its strength, let us again consider Franck–Condon! Have the same ( ν1−ν2 in case of vibrational spectrum there is no transition with vibrational pair based on pure electronic or on, high! ) non-zero distortion and ( b ) represents an extreme case in the. %! k ; g4B show resolved vibronic peaks of excited molecules the! Powers are up to 170 meV, and experiments with other types semiconductor! Is ultra-broadband collinear Raman generation in a resonant Λ-scheme, that has been experimentally. Rule may not apply for cases where large excited state distortion also possible high-pressure... Transition refers to a splitting of the system extends up to 1 MW with pulse energies ∼10. An electron–phonon coupling and its strength, let us again consider the Franck–Condon factor as a function of Δq each. During electronic transitions are vertical, only transition a in Figure 2.! Vibrational transition dipole moment positive band system, 2017 used to control efficiently temporal. On wavelength are less complete of cookies Fall 2004 this `` zero-point energy is! Drive fields for nonlinear generation a resonant Λ-scheme, that has been observed examples of each case provided...